In peer relationships, children learn how to initiate and maintain social interactions with other children. The Society of Childrenįriendships during middle childhood take on new importance as judges of one’s worth, competence, and attractiveness. Friendships provide the opportunity for learning social skills such as how to communicate with others and how to negotiate differences. Children get ideas from one another about how to perform certain tasks, how to gain popularity, what to wear, what to say, what to listen to, and how to act. This society of children marks a transition from a life focused on the family to a life concerned with peers. This market came under heavy fire a few years ago for being overly sexualized, which led to the creation of a task for by the American Psychological Association to learn more-their findings and recommendations to reduce this problem can be accessed here. This group has a spending power of $200 billion, and are primarily targeted as consumers of media, clothing, and products that make them look “cool” and feel independent. The pre-adolescent, or tween, age range of roughly 9-12 is a major force in the marketing world. A balance of competence and modesty is ideal for creating a sense of competence in the child. Indeed, failure is a type of feedback which may help a child form a sense of modesty. Failure is not necessarily a horrible thing according to Erikson. They should be given authentic feedback as well. To help children have a successful resolution in this stage, they should be encouraged to explore their abilities. These feelings of inferiority can, according to Erikson, lead to an inferiority complex that lasts into adulthood. So far, we have seen 3 psychosocial stages: trust versus mistrust (ages birth – 18 months), autonomy versus shame and doubt (ages 18 months – 3 years), and initiative versus guilt (ages 3 years – around 6 years).Īccording to Erikson, children in middle childhood are very busy or industrious. They are constantly doing, planning, playing, getting together with friends, and achieving. This is a very active time and a time when they are gaining a sense of how they measure up when compared with friends. Erikson believed that if these industrious children view themselves as successful in their endeavors, they will get a sense of competence for future challenges. If instead, a child feels that they are not measuring up to their peers, feelings of inferiority and self-doubt will develop. InferiorityĪs we have seen in previous modules, Erikson believes that children’s greatest source of personality development comes from their social relationships. Erikson’s Psychosocial Development: Industry vs. These secondary sources can include education, forming various social relationships, and hobbies. Freud believed that in the latency stage all development and stimulation come from secondary sources since the erogenous forces are repressed. In other words, it is latent-hence the stage’s name. Where pleasure and development occurred through erogenous zones in the first 3 stages, in the latency stage all pleasure from erogenous zones is repressed. In the latency stage, children are actually doing very little psychosexual developing according to Freud. This stage begins around age 6 and lasts until puberty. So far we have seen the oral stage (ages birth – 18 months), the anal stage (ages 18 months – 3 years), and the phallic stage (ages 3 years – 6 years).įreud’s fourth stage of psychosexual development is the latency stage. In each stage, the erogenous zone is the source of the libidinal energy. Remember that Freud’s theory of psychosexual development suggests that children develop their personality through a series of psychosexual stages. Freud’s Psychosexual Development: The Latency Stage During middle childhood, children are likely to show more independence from their parents and family, think more about the future, understand more about their place in the world, pay more attention to friendships, and want to be accepted by their peers. Now let’s turn our attention to concerns related to social development, self-concept, the world of friendships, and family life. Psychodynamic and Psychosocial Theories of Middle Childhood Describe issues regarding sexual abuse and children.Examine short term-and long term consequences of divorce on children.Understand Kohlberg’s theory on preconventional, conventional, and postconventional moral development.Describe the importance of peer relationships to middle childhood.inferiority as it relates to middle childhood Examine Erikson’s stage of industry vs.
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